Wednesday, 30 July 2014

佛教的社会、生态、伦理实相观

绪言

  自哈勃望远镜升空迄今已有二十多年,它使人类不需经过启示,就可凝视至137亿年前的宇宙,可惜人类还是无法对自己居住的地球环境与保护有足够的认识。随着地球生态环境的日趋恶化,各种生态环保思潮与文化道德价值观的反思应运在世界范围内展开。

  当代世界著名物理学家霍金于20109月与另一物理学家伦纳德﹒姆沃迪瑙合著出版了第三本科普著作“The Grand Design”。他在书中提出了模型相即相入实相论”Model Dependent Realism,而不赞同有一个智慧的设计,其书名中的Grand(大)实际是对所谓全知,全能的设计的一个反讽,故我把它正面地翻译为《大因缘》,即相即相入Dependent)的大因缘。

  在该书的第三章〈什么是实相?〉(What Is Reality?)里,霍金这样写道:“There is no picture- or theory-independent concept of reality”,即不存在一个景象或理论独立概念的实相。他担心人们看不明白,就举了量子论的测不准原理来说明观察者(observer)的重要性。书中写道:在有些情况下,单独的客体简直无法独立存在,它只能作为多个客体的一个组成部分。就有如单独、自由的夸克在自然界中是无法存在的

这不单为宇宙与生命的形成提供了一个圆融自足的理论,即:“此生故彼生,此灭故彼灭”;也为事物(物质与精神)均具有相互的关联性、依赖性、相即相入、圆融无碍提供了理论依据。

宗教的社会责任

此书出版之后,引起西方宗教界极大的鼓噪,西方认为宗教是与一个全智、全能、至高无上的造物神祗有关;并认为宗教是对现象的诠释interpretation)而不是解释explanation)。很显然,这与东方的宗教观有很大的区别。

儒家信四时行焉,万物生焉、道家信三生万物,而释家信的是因缘和合实相无相,一切都有其自作自受的因果(业Karma)解释与充足理由,都不信有一个造物主。  

厘清了这一点,才能与国际各宗教社会作有效的对话,才不至于各说各话。才能避免大而化之地说所有宗教都是教人做好事;要不,就说着一些诸如良知和平平等人权等一些既抽象又无法交接的概念。

西方长期以来把这些抽象的概念提升到所谓的普世价值观,由此来掌控对文化、生态环保、道德伦理以致普世价值的话语权,形成西方的文化霸权。

中华文明要负起更大的社会责任,首先就必须要拿回对社会文明与人类普世价值观解释的话语权,而非本末倒置地拿起香来跟着对拜。把孔子、老子、佛等陀与西方耶和华神明等同起来,把具体的孔子仁爱、老子的无为以及佛陀的慈悲思想与抽象的神爱世人等同起来。

社会责任之生态环保与道德伦理

  此书的出版,为宇宙生态学乃至自然生态学提供了科学理论的依据,也将对未来人类思维的方式产生重大影响,为过去的学说夯实了理论基础。

    其一是达尔文的进化论(Evolutionism)。一直以来,不相信进化论的人们在诘问达尔文的学说时,总认为那是达尔文的观察,没有科学的依据。对于这个问题,达尔文在写给同事约瑟夫·胡克的一封信里由反证中有提到:如果可以证实,确有某种复杂器官是不可能经由无数渐进且微小的变异而形成,那我的理论就会彻底崩溃了。

  另一个就是深层生态学deep ecology)。虽然西方文明传统根据其经典的记载,认为人比麻雀贵重,相信二元对立的人类中心主义anthropocentric),认为人比自然万物贵重优越,与其他生物无伦理关系,为食用其它物种道德合理化。然而,随着生态危机的加剧,西方的学者开始作深层次的反思。

  20世纪30年代,现代生态伦理学的思想先驱、德国哲学家海德格尔(Martin Heidegger1889-1976)就发出了拯救地球的呼吁。1954年诺贝尔和平奖得主史怀泽(Albert Schweitzer, 1875-1965)提出敬畏生命,把伦理的范围扩展到对一切动植物有情众生的关怀。

  还有美国生态保育之父的李奥波(Aldo Leopold1887-1948),出于对大自然的观察和热爱,他构思出迥异于人类中心主义的《大地伦理篇》(The Land Ethic),并将有情无情世界的草木、山水、动物等包含在所谓的生物社区里。

  在这个社区内,人与自然界和谐共存,其中的每一件事物,与任何其他事物均有关联和依赖性、相即相入,组成了一个有情与无情世界圆融无碍的生命共同体。李奥波认为,这是一种最终极的民主的实现,颠覆了民主这一个好东西的西方传统普世价值观,也敲醒了盲目地鼓吹西方普世价值观的后现代东方学者

  随后,1970年代,挪威哲学家奈斯(Arne Naess, 1912-2009)提出了深层生态学来质问停留在以人的利益为目标的浅层生态学价值伦理观,使对生态危机的反思持续深入地展开,各种关注生态问题的非政府组织相继地在西方出现。
  
  科学家在发现温室效应这一现象之后,令解决地球异常的方案朝着节能减碳方向极端的倾斜。谁拥有庞大资金的水喉与节能减排的先进技术,自然会设下这一个减排话语的陷阱;而联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)显然就是这个陷阱话语的制造者,并成功地把全世界陷在这一框架里长达20年。

  中国科学院副院长古气候专家丁仲礼早已直斥这个框架在道德上是邪恶的,因为发达国家试图将目前国际上已经形成的贫富差异固定化。即便是如此,以美国及日本为首的发达国家,就以自己短期的政治与经济利益企图拖延甚至推翻自己过去的承诺。

  美、日的心态固然可受公评;然而,生态环境恶化主要的症结还在于人类为了满足自身贪婪的无明欲望,而对山川、森林以及各种动物的大肆破坏、掠夺与杀害。《周易》曰:天行健、地势坤。天地运行本来矫健和顺,如今天地做出大反扑,正应了因果循环屡试不爽的真谛,人类自然要自食业果。

  回顾霍金的金玉良言:单独的客体……只能作为多个客体的一个组成部分。人作为重要的主体观察者,要进一步拓展与肯定观察者的自我,由自利达到利他的二元统一不是一个理所当然的事;唯有把自我投入到更大的生物社区里,以平等心、慈悲心对待一切众生来否定自我。因为自我的自身利益是更大世界或社区的一个组成部分,进而获得奈斯所要达到的自我实现Self-realization),即生态智慧与伦理的终极规范。世间种种的道理,不正也是如此吗?

我们不能只期待各种国际气候协议的落实,以为他们真的会负起应负的社会责任。求人不如求自己,唯有建立起正确的众生平等观和自利、利他到自我实现的伦理观,才能把我们的地球建立成在物质与精神层面上不再受污染的人间净土。

除此之外,西方哲学家叔本华的意志哲学,他用欧洲的哲学来阐述佛教这一远古的印度智慧。在其博士论文《充足理由律的四重根》里提出了因果律,阐明了发生学的根源;解释为什么现象世界必须通过充足理由律来了解,即任何事物都有它之所以如此的理由,皆可被解释。

用佛教的语言来说,就是事物的存在必有其缘由与条件性。佛教就是假借事物存在的条件性,来净空事物的真实性,就在净空事物的那一刹那或当下间,还事物本来的真面目。说明事物的发展,除了有其逻辑理性规律,还有更为重要的悟性道德因果规律。东西方文明的最高智慧 ,可谓是殊途同归,可相互融会。

总结

在苏格拉底、孔子、老子、释迦穆尼等圣哲出现的时代,被德国哲学家卡尔. 雅斯贝尔斯,冠以轴心时代的称谓。他说在这一段时期,中国、印度与西方,涌现了革命性的思潮,目前世界上主要宗教背后的哲学都同时发展起来。人类每在复兴之时,总要向轴心时代作回顾。

雅斯贝尔斯的这一番话,说明人类在轴心时代出现的革命思潮,到今天依然是人类思想回顾的依归,正说明人类的精神文明发展有其必然的科学性。释迦穆尼在菩提树下证悟到缘起论时说道:奇哉!奇哉!一切众生,皆具如来智慧德相,只因妄想与执着,不能证得。这一段话足以说明,意识流与物质流是一样,都是可以通过科学的实证来获取到的

综观人类历史,科技进步改造了客观世界,直接推动了物质文明的发展,却也造成对人类外部生态环境的的巨大破坏,进而对人类精神内部道德观念的荼毒,使人逐渐远离具有悟性的高贵野蛮人,成为野蛮的理性人

17世纪莱布尼茨和牛顿两人几乎同时发明了微积分学以来,人类进入了一个研究无常刹那间变化、研究当下的新时代。到19世纪,叔本华的意志哲学,为我们提供了因果律的理论根据,并由此夯实了唯实论的基础,把佛学从形而上的出世间拉回到器世间来。

进入20世纪,爱因斯坦的广义相对论,使人类了解时空是弯曲的无限性,为佛教的无始观提供了科学的依据,使人类不必再迷信于世界有创始必有末日到来的神话。量子论的出现,使人类了解(即观察者observer)才是世间万物真正的主宰,即天上天下,唯我独尊

进入21世纪,尤其是21世纪的前后20年,哈勃望远镜的升空,使人类不需依赖数学逻辑的计算,也不需要语言作累赘的阐述,第一次通过肉眼,就可以直接凝视到137亿年来我们这一三千大千世界的无常演变。

20109月,霍金的模型相即相入实相论,在理论物理学的研究与实践上,向缘起论迈进了重要的一步 。这些进步,将为人类揭开宇宙、神学、形而上学等神秘学科的面纱,有助人类除魅的思想。

这三百年多年来科学的发展,改变了人类的思维方式,颠覆了人类的逻辑线性理性思维。伴随着近10年来全球在社会、政治、经济、金融、气候、环境等的进一步恶化,人类有必要开始重新定义21世纪之前所有熟悉的东西。当然包括由西方理性所产生出来的自由、民主、人权与社会制度。

正值中国这只睡狮开始苏醒之际,我们有必要再一次地对轴心文化作回顾,以中华伦理的圆融、宽厚与包容,佛教必将会成为东西方文明融会搭起沟通的重要桥梁,为人类文明建设负起更大的社会责任。

林明雅
新加坡佛教总会高级文化研究员
2014419


Saturday, 5 July 2014

Child sexual abuse royal commission: Vatican declines request to provide all documents relating to Australian priests

Child sexual abuse royal commission: Vatican declines request to provide all documents relating to Australian priests

Updated Sat 5 Jul 2014, 11:25pm AEST
The Vatican has declined a royal commission request to hand over documents about child sexual abuse committed by Catholic priests in Australia.
The head of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, Justice Peter McClellan, revealed last month that he hadpersonally written to the Vatican, seeking copies of all documents relating to complaints about abuse involving priests in Australia.
The Vatican has provided documents to the royal commission relating to two cases, but Justice McClellan wanted more information to find out how church authorities in Australia, under the guidance or direction of the Vatican, responded to allegations of abuse.
In a written response, the Vatican says the Holy See maintains the confidentiality of internal deliberations, adding that it would be inappropriate to provide such documents.
Leonie Sheedy, founder and chief executive of Care Leavers Australia Network, a support group for victims of child sexual abuse says the Catholic Church is treating the Australian public with contempt.
"I'm not surprised ... I feel like the Catholic Church believes it is above the laws of Australia and probably the world," she said.
"It's just a replica of their behaviour for the last 200 years in this country.
"It's treating the Australian public with contempt, and the royal commission as well."

Vatican's decision 'disappointing but unsurprising'

Australians Lawyers Alliance spokesman Andrew Morrison, who has represented many victims of church abuse, says the Vatican has a long history of refusing to assist in such inquiries, including a similar instance in Ireland.
Mr Morrison says the lack of cooperation is going to impact upon the royal commission's work.
"It's not as if there's no material at all in Australia to assist - there is - and it's been of use," he said.
"But I would simply say that it will certainly prevent the inquiry being as thorough as the royal commission wish it to be, and it's a lack of cooperation that's disappointing but unsurprising."
Mr Morrison says that, as an independent nation, there is nothing that can be done to force the Vatican to hand over its documents.
"The Vatican claims the status of independent nation and in those circumstances there's nothing which can be done by government, let alone by the royal commission, to compel it to produce documents," he said.

A FRAGILE BUDDHIST TREASURE

http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/01/2013/a-fragile-buddhist-treasure

Gandhāra Buddha. Image: Wikimedia Commons, used under a CC BY-SA 3.0

A FRAGILE BUDDHIST TREASURE

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Experts at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) are in the process of analysing Indian Buddhist texts that are over 2000-year-old which have recently come to light. The precious manuscripts have already yielded some surprising results.
Birch-bark manuscript. Image LMU
Birch-bark manuscript. Image LMU

The texts of Ghandara

The oldest surviving Buddhist texts, preserved on long rolls of birch-tree bark, are written in Gandhari, an early regional Indic language that is long extinct. The scrolls originate from the region known in ancient times as Gandhara, which lies in what is now Northwestern Pakistan.
For researchers interested in the early history of Buddhism, these manuscripts represent a sensational find, for a number of reasons.
The first is their age. Some of the documents date from the first century BC, making them by far the oldest examples of Indian Buddhist literature. But for the experts, their contents are equally fascinating. The texts provide insights into a literary tradition which was thought to have been irretrievably lost, and they help researchers to reconstruct crucial phases in the development of Buddhism in India. Furthermore, the scrolls confirm the vital role played by the Gandhara region in the spread of Buddhism into Central Asia and China.

Restore, conserve, digitise, edit

At LMU a team of researchers led by Indological scholar Professor Jens-Uwe Hartmann and Professor Harry Falk of the Free University of Berlin has just begun the arduous job of editing the manuscripts.
Most of the texts survive only as fragments, which must first be collated and reassembled. The magnitude of the task is reflected in the planned duration of the project – 21 years.
The project of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities is being funded by a total grant of 8.6 million euros from the Academies Program, that is coordinated by the Union of German Academies of Sciences and Humanities. It is one of the largest research programs in the field of the Humanities in the Federal Republic.

Fragile resource online

The research is not with the manuscripts themselves, but with digital scans. The originals are not only extremely fragile, but are held in various collections scattered around the world.
A large proportion of the surviving material is stored in the British Library in London.
The ultimate goal of the project is to prepare a modern edition of all the Gandhari manuscripts, making them available for further investigation and research. In addition, the researchers plan to produce a dictionary of the Gandhari language and it’s grammar based on the contents of these documents.
However, the project will be primarily concerned with illuminating the development of Gandhari literature and the history of Buddhism in Gandhara. It is already clear that the results will lead to a new understanding of the earliest phases of Buddhism in India.
Birch-bark manuscript in the Kharosthi script. Image British Library
Birch-bark manuscript in the Kharosthi script. Image British Library

Opening up new knowledge

Discoveries of these documents continue to be made and the understanding of the script and people is revolutionized by the recovery of 77 long birch-bark scrolls and around 300 palm-leaf manuscript fragments from Buddhist monasteries in the Gandhāran heartland.
Birch bark (bhoja-patra), like palm leaf, was a primary material used in India for writing before the introduction of paper and most of these early manuscripts have been destroyed, but accounts in ancient Greek literature even reveal birch bark’s usage in India at the time of Alexander’s invasion.
The oldest extant examples date to the 2nd or 3rd century CE, written with black ink in variants of the Sanskrit script. A recentpublication on these manuscripts from the British Library states: “As the Dead Sea Scrolls have changed our understanding of Judaism and early Christianity, so early sets of scroll fragments promise to improve knowledge of the history of Buddhism.”
At the core of the project is the construction of a comprehensive database in which all relevant information and results are collected, stored and linked together. The database will serve as the major source of electronic and printed publications on the topic, and regular updates will give the international research community access to the latest results
Source: LMU Munich