Sunday, 7 July 2013

Let Buddha unite India

By Tarun Vijay   07 July 2013, 11:21 PM IST

Without an iota of doubt Buddha is the best and most acceptable introduction to India. And if his temple is attacked, every single Indian belonging to any caste, religion and province must stand up, get angry  and help eliminate terror modules.

Mahabodhi can't be allowed to turn into a Bamiyan. Every bit of Bodhgaya, every millimetre of Mahabodhi defines us,  introduces the best of India and the greatest heights of our philosophy, faith and history ever achieved. Those who can go to any extent to sell off their conscience to get a berth in the cabinet or even a durban position in the corridors of power will certainly try this time too to communalise the incident, blame it on those whom they consider as political enemies and these very politicians, belonging to various tribes and colours, reacting wildly to gain an inch in the media, will spoil the joint mechanism to fight terror.
Fail them.

Expose them in the most hard-hitting manner and try to stand up as a tall Indian forgetting whether it is  Ram, Vishnu, Shiva, or Buddha that you recite daily in the morning, whether you are a namazi or a churchgoer, it's time to chant only one mantra, that is, India, that is, Bharat.

And today that India means Buddha.

Be a Buddha and create a resolution that shows that we Indians are not the Indians of those times when individual gains of power weighed more than national security, when we sided with the enemies in pursuit of a few years of a kingdom, that would help us to enjoy a few years in luxury.

There was a Nehru who didn’t care for the Chinese opposition and gave shelter to the Dalai Lama and his millions of followers from Tibet to keep the age-old tradition of India alive and provide help to those who are persecuted and refused  and are distressed.

India has had a late awakening to Buddha, that too after we saw China is claiming the legacy and the civilizational continuity of the Buddhist heritage. No, India said. Buddha belongs to us.

But does Buddha belongs to us only till he helps us count tourism-dollars and gain an ASEAN identity? Or Buddha is genuinely us, genuinely our legacy and our ancestor and our father figure and our messenger of peace that is revered all over this planet today?

What is our contribution to stake a claim to that legacy, if we cannot stand up today with all the power and strength that we can muster and challenge the attackers in no uncertain terms?

No use citing Myanmar and Sri Lanka conflicts and saying these bombs at Bodhgaya might be a spillover reaction to all that. It will be a cowardly, self-defeating argument. First, we can’t allow any other person, or group to react against our close friends and spiritual brothers, if not blood brothers, from our soil. Secondly, these bombs are just another expression of hate and intolerance that we have been facing since last three decades.

If the time to forge a national unity on this issue is not now, then when shall we ever emerge as a nation?

Thursday, 27 June 2013

David Loy - Buddhism and the West





The Non-Duality of Personal & Social Transformation: A Talk with David Loy

Buddhism has come to the West and the West has come to Buddhism. Every time Buddhism spreads to a new culture they interact with each other, and one result in the West has been the development of socially engaged Buddhism. This does not merely mean that Buddhism has incorporated a concern for social justice; Buddhism offers a completely different perspective on social suffering (dukkha). Our obsessions with entertainment, money, and fame are more than an individual problem: it reveals where our society is stuck. The 'three poisons' that the Buddha identified have become institutionalized and taken on a life of their own: our economic system institutionalizes greed, racism and militarism institutionalize ill will, and the corporate media institutionalizes delusion. Our collective sense of separation from the rest of the biosphere lies at the heart of the ecological crisis. This is the first time in history that Buddhism does not need to align itself with feudal power structures: Buddhism has arrived in a modern/post-modern society, and because of these social freedoms there is the possibility of a real social awakening.

David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. He is a prolific author whose essays and books have been translated into many languages. His articles appear regularly in the pages of major journals such as Tikkun and Buddhist magazines including Tricycle, Turning Wheel, Shambhala Sun, and Buddhadharma as well as in a variety of scholarly journals. He has served on the editorial boards of the journals Contemporary Buddhism, The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology and World Fellowship of Buddhist Review. He is also on the advisory boards of Buddhist Global Relief, the Clear View Project, Zen Peacemakers, and the Ernest Becker Foundation.


David lectures nationally and internationally on various topics, focusing primarily on the encounter between Buddhism and modernity: what each can learn from the other. He is especially concerned about social and ecological issues. Loy is a professor of Buddhist and comparative philosophy. From 1990 until 2005 he was professor in the Faculty of International Studies, Bunkyo University, Chigasaki, Japan. In January 2006 he became the Besl Family Chair Professor of Ethics/Religion and Society with Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio, a visiting position that ended in September 2010. In April 2007 David Loy was visiting scholar at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. From January to August 2009 he was a research scholar with the Institute for Advanced Study, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. From September through December 2012 he was in residence at Naropa University in Boulder, Colorado, with a Lenz Fellowship.

Why Buddhism and the West Need Each Other with David Loy

Why Buddhism and the West Need Each Other with David Loy













The Non-Duality of Personal & Social Transformation: A Talk with David Loy

Buddhism has come to the West and the West has come to Buddhism. Every time Buddhism spreads to a new culture they interact with each other, and one result in the West has been the development of socially engaged Buddhism. This does not merely mean that Buddhism has incorporated a concern for social justice; Buddhism offers a completely different perspective on social suffering (dukkha). Our obsessions with entertainment, money, and fame are more than an individual problem: it reveals where our society is stuck. The 'three poisons' that the Buddha identified have become institutionalized and taken on a life of their own: our economic system institutionalizes greed, racism and militarism institutionalize ill will, and the corporate media institutionalizes delusion. Our collective sense of separation from the rest of the biosphere lies at the heart of the ecological crisis. This is the first time in history that Buddhism does not need to align itself with feudal power structures: Buddhism has arrived in a modern/post-modern society, and because of these social freedoms there is the possibility of a real social awakening.

David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. He is a prolific author whose essays and books have been translated into many languages. His articles appear regularly in the pages of major journals such as Tikkun and Buddhist magazines including Tricycle, Turning Wheel, Shambhala Sun, and Buddhadharma as well as in a variety of scholarly journals. He has served on the editorial boards of the journals Contemporary Buddhism, The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology and World Fellowship of Buddhist Review. He is also on the advisory boards of Buddhist Global Relief, the Clear View Project, Zen Peacemakers, and the Ernest Becker Foundation.


David lectures nationally and internationally on various topics, focusing primarily on the encounter between Buddhism and modernity: what each can learn from the other. He is especially concerned about social and ecological issues. Loy is a professor of Buddhist and comparative philosophy. From 1990 until 2005 he was professor in the Faculty of International Studies, Bunkyo University, Chigasaki, Japan. In January 2006 he became the Besl Family Chair Professor of Ethics/Religion and Society with Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio, a visiting position that ended in September 2010. In April 2007 David Loy was visiting scholar at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. From January to August 2009 he was a research scholar with the Institute for Advanced Study, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. From September through December 2012 he was in residence at Naropa University in Boulder, Colorado, with a Lenz Fellowship.

Friday, 24 May 2013

东西方宗教含义之分野


感谢杨德昌先生发表在425日《联合早报》的《基督教尊崇传统的形式》一文,从神学的观点来支持笔者在《慎终追远在于敬鬼神而远之》一文的几个观点。用杨先生的话说:即一、“基督教不慎终追远”,二、“祭拜亚当夏娃在《圣经》里是反面教材”,这点正是令美国前总统卡特痛心疾首及离开其宗教信仰的原因。

可惜杨先生没有正面来回应“中国礼仪之争”以及“众所皆知”通谕宣布废除祭祖禁令一事。笔者尊重杨先生个人对其信仰经典作了洋洋洒洒的诠释,但乃无法抹杀拜造物主信仰与中国传统产生了抵触这一历史事实。  

其实,问题的关键所在,借用杨先生所提出的“含义与形式”来回应,还在于杨先生将西方宗教的含义与中华文化里的宗教含义混为一谈。就是形式表现得不清晰不一致,自然会对含义产生混淆,反之亦然。

西方宗教对神的含义是专指闪米特人(闪米特人原是多神信仰)其中一族的族神耶和华,希伯来文称耶和华神为Elohim;随着对耶和华神的传播,产生了有拉丁文的Deus,希腊文的Theos,法文的Dieu,德文的Gott,英文的God等不同形式的称呼;2009年在马来西亚使用马来文的阿拉时,就曾引起社会的暴乱与不和谐[1]

为了避免称呼形式上的混淆,笔者同意著名龙华民传教士Nicholas Longobardi的意见,把耶和华神依拉丁文音译为“陡斯”;以及循社会要求把圣诞节正名为耶诞节。我国已经独立将近半个世纪,我国传媒还在使用前殖民地香港与前半殖民地中国还在使用的“圣诞节”,对于要建立一个不同宗教和谐社会文化的我国是不利的。

中文的“宗教”一词,其含义是指崇佛及对弟子的教诲。即使在说文解字里,“宗” 表示对人类祖先鬼神的尊敬和敬拜,在含义与形式上均没有造物主的地位。受西方宗教学的影响,“宗教”与西方的Religion一词才被混为一谈。

直至20109月,当代著名物理学家霍金在《大因缘》(The Grand Design )一书中提出“模型相即相入实相论”(Model Dependent Realism),说明宇宙与生命的生成“不需要造物主”(Creator ,才为我们对宗教的含义作了有科学依据的厘清。

 事缘《大因缘》出版的第二天,引来西方各宗教领袖对霍金的攻击,综合这些言论,其观点主要有:“科学只是关于解释(explanation ,宗教则有关诠释(interpretation),《圣经》对宇宙如何生成并不感兴趣。”以及“霍金混淆了两个层次的问题,物理法则只是解释现实东西之间的关系,但并不能解答‘为何是有而非无’这一个问题 对神的信仰并不是为把宇宙内的东西之间的空隙进行填塞,而是相信有一个智能的存在。”

这两个观点,不仅帮助我们了解宗教与科学之间的区别,还帮助我们对西方宗教观的含义有更清晰的认识。即西方宗教是对现象的“诠释”而不是“解释”,而其诠释权掌握在神的代理人手中;西方的宗教拥有一个全智、全能的造物神祗。

这与东方的宗教观大相径庭,儒家认为生命是“四时行,万物生”,道家认为是“三生万物”,佛家认为一切“妙有”都是“因缘和合”,都有其因果积累(业Karma,不是报应)的解释与充足理由。把为何是“无中生有”这一个西方宗教无法理解的道理,不留“空隙”地“解释”明白

宗教哲学发展到了康德时代,诸宗教包括新新儒学都希望从康德的思想中汲取到一些理论养料来充实自己的教义。讽刺地是,康德却是一位赫赫有名的不可知论(Agnostic)者。

康德曾断言,对于“自在之物”(即事物除了自身之外,别无他物),人是根本认识不到,是不可知的。但就此把康德“头上的星空,其实就是在形容上帝”,不管这是西方的还是中国文献里的“上帝”,其实是太跳跃式的“诠释”了。

继承康德学说与佛陀思想的德国著名哲学家叔本华指出,这自在之物可以通过“直观”来认识;已故苹果企业创办人乔布斯证实了这点,他说禅修(直观)可以使他“看到之前看不到的东西。”类似像卡特前总统、霍金、乔布斯、康德与叔本华这一类理性的宗教对话,以及在具神圣含义的命名形式上,不要混为一谈,对己对人,将有利于我国社会与宗教的和谐。

其次是“道德”,此二字出自老子的《道德经》,东西方道德观最大的分歧,在予西方的道德观只有神品而无道品,从西方文字里无法翻译“道”,只能音译为DaoTao可见一斑,所以只能谈“品德”;而东方的道德观无神品,只有天道,天理与佛理。

2013426



[1] http://www.517malay.com/detail_2051.html

也谈宗教与道德


也谈宗教与道德

宗教一词,来自《续传灯录》的“吾住山久,无补宗教,敢以院事累君。”这里的宗教是指崇佛及对弟子的教诲。在说文解字里,“宗” 表示对人类祖先鬼神的尊敬和敬拜,都没有造物主的地位。受西方宗教学的影响,宗教与西方的Religion一词被画上了等号。

20109月物理学家霍金在《大因缘》[1]The Grand Design )一书中提出“模型相即相入实相论”(Model Dependent Realism),为我们对宗教的意思作了有科学依据的厘清。 事缘《大因缘》出版的第二天,引来西方各宗教领袖围剿[2],他们对霍金攻击的言论,恰好提供宗教定义一个清晰的注脚。

如圣公会坎特伯雷大主教威廉斯说:“对神的信仰并不是为把宇宙内的东西之间的空隙进行填塞,而是相信有一个智能的存在。”英国犹太教教长萨克斯说:“科学只是关于解释(explanation ,宗教则有关诠释(interpretation),《圣经》对宇宙如何生成并不感兴趣。”

这两个注脚不仅帮助我们了解宗教与科学之间的区别,还帮助我们对西方的宗教观有更清晰的认识;即西方宗教是对现象的诠释而不是解释,并拥有一个全智、全能的造物神祗。

很显然,这与东方的宗教观大相径庭,释、儒、道均不相信有一个会创造天地万物的智能神祗;却认为生命是“四时行,万物生”,一切“妙有”都是“因缘和合”而生,而灭,都有其因果积累(业)的解释与充足理由。把为何是“无中生有”这一个西方宗教无法理解的道理,不留“空隙”地解释明白

不厘清这一点,就会产生各说各话,或是说着一些诸如 “良知”、“爱”等一些抽象的概念,或曲解报应及说华人神明与造物主有关;甚至把耶和华神与华人的各种神明等同起来。(见张仕华牧师在412日《联合早报》《宗教与品德的再思》一文)

连一些不明就里的佛教界人士,也把不是神的佛陀与耶和华神等同起来,把佛陀的慈悲思想与“神爱世人”等同起来。假如只是在自己的宗教场所传教,还能忽悠其信徒,一旦公开发表,将会对不同宗教信徒产生思想上巨大的混淆,不利社会与宗教之间的和谐。

现代的宗教观主要来自轴心时代的圣人,包括古希腊的苏格拉底师徒三人,印度的佛陀,中国的孔子与老子。希腊哲学发端于早期的自然神,可以这么说,西方基督教神学是裹着希腊哲学的外衣,离开希腊哲学,我们不可能理解基督教及其神学思想。佛教来自梵文化的故乡,佛陀却在菩提智慧的证悟中与印度的“梵人合一”思想分道扬镳。儒教与道教来自孔子与老子,这里就不需赘述。

宗教哲学发展到了康德时代,诸宗教包括新新儒学都希望从康德的思想中汲取到一些理论养料来充实自己的教义。讽刺地是,康德却是一位赫赫有名的不可知论(Agnostic)者,与造物主无关。

康德曾断言,“自在之物”人是根本认识不到,是不可知的。因此康德所说的“我发现必须否定知识,才能给信仰保留地盘。”这句话对一个不可知论者只能是说,“自在之物不可认识,只能信仰”,这是西方神学的理据命根;但并不意味康德“头上的星空,其实就是在形容上帝”,(见412日《联合早报》“站长的话”)。这种跳跃式的诠释,并不符合思维缜密的康德“二律背反”思想。

继承康德学说与佛陀思想的德国著名哲学家叔本华指出,这自在之物可以通过直观来认识;在其著作《作为意志与表象的世界》第一句话赫然就是:“世界是我的表象:这是一个真理。”已故苹果企业创办人乔布斯证实了这点,他说禅修(直观)使他“看到之前看不到的东西。”[3]多一些这一类的宗教对话,将有利社会与宗教的和谐。
 至于道德二字,来自老子的《道德经》,东西方的道德观有很大的歧义,简单地说,西方的道德只有神品而无道品,所以只能谈“品德”,而东方的道德观无神品,只有天道,天理与佛理。

儒家的“格物、致知、诚意,正心,修身、齐家、治国、平天下”八目与道家,佛家的共通之处,在于八目中的格物与致知。儒学发展到宋明理学时,吸收了佛学与道学的心性学说,使中华文明的道德思想归于关系更为融为一体的道德观。

理学代表人物朱熹认为格物致知是“穷究事物道理,致使知性通达至极” ,而陆九渊认为是“修持心性不为物牵,回复天理之知”。不管是朱熹的“穷究事物道理”要把事物道理的空隙进行填塞,或陆九渊“回复天理之知”的道德观,都与造物神无关。

佛家的道德伦理观主要表现在《佛说善生经》(见411日《联合早报》的《慎终追远在于敬鬼神而远之》拙文),这里就不再复述。 http://linmingya.blogspot.sg/2013/04/blog-post.html?utm_source=BP_recent
                                                                                                                                          2013413



[1]西方把耶和华神描绘成为是一种智能(intelligence),认为宇宙间的一切是由此智能所设计(design)创造出来的,霍金把此书命名为The Grand Design实有意针对西方宗教的所谓智能“设计”来加以反讽;目的是要说明,大自然因缘和合的“设计”才是“最伟大的设计”,霍金用Model Dependent Realism来作科学解释,我把它翻译为“模型相即相入实相论”,或“相即相容”也可以,此语出自《华严经》,即Dependent的意思,故我把此书的中文名翻译为《大因缘》,才能符合此书的本意。
[3] 《乔布斯传》,中文版第44页,英文版第49页。

Thursday, 11 April 2013

慎终追远在于敬鬼神而远之

此文刊登于2013年4月11日新加坡联合早报言论版,并作了一些修改。


慎终追远在于敬鬼神而远之

拜读章良我先生48日于《联合早报》的《慎终追远是华人传统美德》一文,对章先生相信有“造物主的存在”、有天堂,以及对原罪、人死复活的各种演绎,笔者给以尊重。但是,为了满足章先生的信仰,来对儒家思想及佛教教义的曲解,那是需要给以说明。

章先生引用孔子的“未能事人,焉能事鬼?”以及“未知生,焉知死?”,来得到孔子“鼓励人们竭力追寻生时的意义和欢乐,而不要去多考虑身后事”的结论,那是对孔子的话断章取义。

孔子自称“五十知天命”,可见孔子对于鬼神及身后事早已了然于胸。因此,他在回答樊迟问他有关“知”的问题时,孔子说的非常清楚:“敬鬼神而远之,可谓知(智)矣。”

孔子鼓励后人对祖先所化的鬼神要尊敬地祭拜,他“知天命”,了解地狱与天堂,才能自称已达到“七十从心所欲,不逾矩”的至高境界,依然要持戒,不逾矩。要远离鬼神所寄宿之地狱与天堂,不要对鬼神有太过地亲近与迷信,不要向外求,就是大智慧矣。

章先生还说:“当佛教在古印度境内传扬时并不讲孝道”,这话更是对佛教教义的曲解。查实佛教有一部《佛说善生经》,是佛弟子们的必修之课,就是佛陀对在家信众所说的一部重要孝经。

该经文说的礼敬上下四维六方,这六方代表了六种伦理关系。包括父母与子女、师徒、夫妻、主仆、亲友、世俗与出家修行者之间的六种关系。可见佛陀在古印度弘扬的孝道伦理,其范围比一般所理解的更广更深。

所谓慎终追远,即是慎终者丧尽其哀,追远者祭尽其敬,这在信有“造物主”的宗教是不存在的。这些宗教只许拜造物主,不许拜其他的神明与偶像,因此与“祭奠祖先”等中国传统习俗产生了抵触。

这种抵触一直到1718世纪发生了“中国礼仪之争”时,达到白热化;当时的教皇克勉十一世(Pope Clement XI)认为中国儒家的祭孔及祖先崇拜违反其教义,禁止中国教徒实行中国礼仪,结果引发清廷强烈地反制,严厉限制传教士在中国的活动。前车之鉴,中国政府不让今天梵蒂冈来主导内地主教的任命,以及对中国教会的指导是明智的。

直到百年後的1939128日,为了继续在中国传教,教宗庇护十二世(Pope Pius XII)才不得不作出让步,颁布“众所皆知”(Plane compertum est)通谕,宣布废除祭祖的禁令。但依然要求信徒遇到“带有迷信色彩的公共仪式时,必须抱持消极的态度”,使慎终者不能丧尽其哀,追远者无法祭尽其敬。从改宗之后的中国人,都把祖先的牌位及神像扫地出门就可见一般,何来慎终追远的美德!

通谕的但书,刻意把中国的神圣礼仪抹上一层迷信色彩,使中国教徒无法达到慎终追远的精神内涵。即孔子所说的,“祭如在,祭神如神在。”子曰:“吾不与祭,如不祭。” 祭祀祖先鬼神,就像祖先真的在面前,如果不对祖先祈求与崇拜,犹如没有举行祭祀一样。

关于生死的终极问题,子曰:“天何言哉?四时行焉,万物生焉,天何言哉!”天地运行,四时有序,万物自然而生;儒家认为不需要天来作主,说三道四。

佛家相信缘起论(Dependent Origination),认为万物是因缘和合,有如因陀罗网模型之珠般地相即相入(Dependent),缘起缘灭;套用英国物理学家霍金(Stephen William Hawking)的原话,那是一个模型相即相入实相论(Model Dependent Realism)的实相,“不需要一个造物主”。

古有明训,儒家立圣人境界,道家立神人境界,佛家立超人无我境界;完成了儒家治生,道家长生,佛家无生的核心思想。因此,在数千年的漫漫修行道路上,儒家顺生死而尽生死,道家转生死而了生死,佛家照见五蕴皆空,明生死而无生死。其可行性,解决了人类生死的终极命题。不求永生,受神来主宰,才是中华文明数千年来最高精神解放的境界。

西方宗教来源于犹太经典,把亚当与夏娃当为人类的祖先;依其教义,亚当夏娃本该是人类需要慎终追远的先祖。夏娃是继亚当之后被创造的人,可她却是对原罪负有责任的人,人类的原罪演绎由此产生。最后,笔者想节录美国前总统吉米﹒卡特于2009年在一篇题为《为了平等而失去我的宗教信仰》的一小段精深演绎,与章先生共勉之。

“我是一名一生奉行基督教义的基督教徒,…经过60年后,我决定断绝我与美国南部浸信会的关系,这是一个痛苦和困难,却是不可避免的决定。那是由于‘公约’的领导人,引用一个少数精心挑选的《圣经》经文,并声称,夏娃是继亚当之后被创造的人,她是对原罪负有责任的人,命运注定女性必须是‘屈从’于自己丈夫的人…”[1]